3/2013
vol. 38
Investigations of co-localization of albumin, fibrinogen and some complement components on the vascular surfaces
Aleksander Jeremi Wasiutyński
,
(Centr Eur J Immunol 2013; 38 (3): 283-288)
Online publish date: 2013/10/28
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IntroductionTwo independent plasma proteins – albumin and fibrinogen, are capable of forming a complex which is present on the surface of multiple cells and has a relatively stable structure. Existence of such structure was reported in the 1960s and 1970s by Brzosko and Nowosławski, Groniowski (who used meta-labeling and demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans could be an integral part of the plasma membrane), and confirmed in vitro by Lipiński in 1995 [1-3]. Other research reports of studies of the blood vessel wall and endothelium discussed predominantly biochemical and physiological-pathological processes occurring in these structures, but did not refer to their morphology [4].
To understand the problem discussed in this study, we must first review components of the investigated structure and processes occurring on the vascular surface.
Albumin is a protein produced by both hepatocytes and Browicz-Kupffer cells in the liver. It plays an essential role in maintaining oncotic pressure required for maintenance of the normal ratio of water in the blood and water in the tissue fluids. Albumin also buffers pH, transports certain hormones, drugs, fatty acids and bile pigments as well as binds and transports carbon dioxide.
Fibrinogen (Fb – clotting factor I) is a plasma protein synthesized in the liver and by megakaryocytes. It is located in granules of mature blood platelets and is released to the blood along with other proteins during the secondary phase of blood platelet aggregation. A characteristic feature of fibrinogen is its susceptibility to action of various proteases and in particular to enzymes of clotting and fibrinolysis system: thrombin and plasmin. As a result of thrombin action on fibrinogen, fibrin peptides A and B and fibrin monomers (fibrin) are formed, which are involved in the final phase of the blood clotting process.
The complement system is a set of several proteins that occur in plasma as well as in other body fluids along with their associated numerous receptors and regulatory proteins. The complement plays an important role in the congenital, humoral mechanism of non-specific immune response, but is also closely associated with some mechanisms of specific immune response. Complement activation involves a series of enzymatic and non-enzymatic cascade reactions. This means that each activated complement component activates another component. Activation of complement results in formation of two important enzymes: C3 and C5 convertases that potently enhance its effects. However, irrespectively of the method of its activation, final stages of all these reactions are identical and result in formation of the membrane attacking complex (MAC) that is composed of C5b, C6, C7, C8 and polymeric C9 (Fig. 1). The complement system requires efficient regulation occurring at multiple stages of its activation. This notion is supported by examples of pathologies caused by its excessive activation. There are several regulatory proteins, both in the plasma and on the surface of plasma membranes that control complement activity. These are inactivating factors that usually act to shorten already short half-life of C3 and C5 convertases. Factor H that binds C3b and facilitates inhibition of C3 convertase by factor I is one of the plasma factors. Factors that are present on cells are responsible for inactivation of specific complement components and include: membrane protein cofactor (CD46) – binding C3b and C4b is present essentially on all mononuclear cells in the body; decay accelerating factor (CD55) – dramatically shortens half-life of convertases; homologous restriction factor (CD59) – binds C8 and C9, inhibiting MAC formation [5-7].
The aim of this study was to demonstrate presence of albumin, fibrinogen, complement proteins and its inhibitors on vascular surfaces.Material and methodsRenal arteries and aortic specimens collected at autopsy were the tissue material used in this study. Specimens were fixed in 4% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin blocks and then cut into 4 µm thick sections and mounted on glass slides. Paraffin sections underwent routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, Mallory-Azan triple staining as well as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The following antibodies were used to detect complement components and its inhibitors in the examined tissue material:
– Mouse Anti Human CD46 (AbD Serotec, UK),
– Mouse Anti Human CD55 (AbD Serotec, UK),
– Mouse Anti Human CD59 (AbD Serotec, UK),
– Monoclonal Antibody to Human Factor H (Quidel, USA),
– Anti Human C4d Antibody (Oxford Biosystems, UK),
– Human Complement Component C9 (Novocastra, UK),
– Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human C1q complement (Dako, Denmark),
– Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-albumin and Anti-fibrinogen (Dako, Denmark).
Immunohistochemistry reaction was run in the following manner: routinely deparaffinized sections were treated with 3% hydrogen peroxide to quench endogenous peroxidase and 5% donkey serum to block non-specific antibody binding sites (Jackson ImmunoResearch, USA). Then, primary antibody solutions were added to the sections, incubated in the humid chamber overnight at +4°C. Secondary antibodies conjugated with peroxidase, ImmPress Reagent Kit Anti-Mouse/Rabbit IgG (Vector Laboratories, USA), were used to detect the primary antibodies, while anti-goat antibody conjugated with peroxidase (Jackson ImmunoResearch, USA) was used to detect goat antibodies. 3-3’ diaminobenzidine (Dako, Denmark) was used as a chromogen. Subsequently, the sections were stained with hematoxylin, dehydrated and closed as slides.
Secondary fluorochrome-conjugated donkey anti-goat antibodies with Alexa 555 (Jackson ImmunoResearch, USA) and donkey anti-rabbit antibodies with Alexa 488 (Jackson ImmunoResearch, USA) were used for immunofluorescence studies. After completion of staining, the sections were stained with Hoechst stain to visualize cellular nuclei and closed in Vectashield medium (Vector Laboratories, USA). Furthermore, rhodamine-labeled phalloidin was used to stain the cells. Results were analyzed in the confocal microscope Leica TCS SP5 (Leica Microsystems, Germany) and fluorescence microscope Nikon Eclipse 80i (Nikon, Japan).ResultsMallory-Azan triple staining was used to assess structures of the investigated blood cells (Fig. 2). Endothelial cells and loose connective tissue located underneath them, containing smooth muscle cells and few fibroblasts, stained red while elastic fibers and plaques as well as collagen fibers stained blue.
Immunochemistry studies demonstrated the complement components C1q, C4d, and C9 both in the renal artery and in the aorta. The most abundant was C1q, located throughout the vascular wall (Fig. 3). C4d in the aortic wall was predominantly located in the external part, while surrounded by a small vessel (vasa vasorum) in the artery. The complement component C9 was most commonly located on the surface of the whole aortic section, while was less abundant in the artery. Staining for factor H demonstrated abundance of this inhibitor in the external wall of the artery.
Double immunofluorescence reactions and analysis of its results in the confocal microscope demonstrated co-localization of albumin and fibrinogen on the surface of aorta and renal arteries (Fig. 4).
Immunofluorescence staining for complement components and complement system inhibitors demonstrated more abundant localization of CD59 and factor H on the luminal surface both in the renal artery and in the aorta. The C4d complement component was localized throughout the vessel wall (Fig. 5).
Further immunofluorescence staining demonstrated complement components as well as complement regulators located around immunopositive structures for albumin and fibrinogen (Fig. 6). The figures below present outcomes of these reactions. DiscussionInvestigations presented in our paper demonstrated presence of structures in the investigated vessels where albumin, fibrinogen and the complement components are co-localized. In a light microscope, immunohistochemistry reaction for albumin and fibrinogen was difficult to interpret since it only demonstrated common presence of these proteins in the tissues. Positive immunohistochemistry reaction was found in cells, intercellular space as well as vascular lumen. Therefore, assessment in the light microscope could not be conclusive [8]. On the other hand, studies using the confocal microscope demonstrated a precise subcellular location of the investigated proteins with a higher resolution. Available literature lacks detailed studies of this complex and its role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Only few papers mention this problem relatively briefly [9-12].
Following analysis of available scientific literature [13-16] and results of studies performed by e.g. Brzosko and Nowosławski which demonstrated presence of albumin and fibrinogen in spaces between placental villi, we decided to investigate the pattern of occurrence of these proteins using immunofluorescence techniques utilizing a confocal microscope. Villi were proven to have a thin albumin and fibrinogen deposit on their surface. FRET1 technique also confirmed presence of this complex. Assessed distance of deposits of the tested plasma proteins on the surface of placental villi confirmed that they form complexes. Deposits were also found on the surface of villi blood vessels. We also found that a complex formed of albumin and fibrinogen was a definite morphological structure on the surface of syncytiotrophoblast. Presence of the complement inhibitors in this complex raises a question of its role as a natural barrier with relevance to the immune system [17, 18].
In this study we attempted to demonstrate presence of the tested complex and elucidate its role on the endothelial surface. Basing on our immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence reactions and analysis of their results we demonstrated presence of a complex composed of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen) and the complement (C1q, C4d, and C9), and co-localization of membrane-bound (CD46, CD55, CD59) and soluble (factor H) complement inhibitors. Lining that is present on the endothelial surface can form a natural barrier of immunological relevance. Summary Our results clearly indicate the common presence of a complex composed of albumin, fibrinogen and complement proteins on the vascular surface. We found that their location is identical in all cases. Thus, we found that the investigated complex is a morphological structure. However, its role as a natural barrier of relevance to the immune system, protecting against pathogenic changes occurring in the blood vessels, currently is unexplained. Therefore, studies aimed at obtaining answers to the presented problem, should be continued and expanded using newest research techniques in an attempt to provide more effective fight against diseases that current medicine is largely unable to cure.
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Copyright: © 2013 Polish Society of Experimental and Clinical Immunology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
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